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Centre for Atmospheric Science

Dr Clive Saunders

Dr Clive Saunders

Senior Lecture (retired)

BSc Physics 1964, PhD 1969, DSc

Room Number: B.02 [Simon Building]
Tel: +44 (0)161 306 2488
Email: clive.saunders@manchester.ac.uk

 

Professional biography

Publications:  C P R Saunders

 

Eldo E. Ávila, Rodrigo E. Bürgesser, Nesvit E. Castellano, Rodolfo G. Pereyra,

and Clive P. R. Saunders. (2011) Charge separation in low-temperature ice cloud regions. J. Geophys Res., 116, D14202, doi:10.1029/2010JD015475, 2011.

 

Emersic, C., Saunders, C.P.R., Further laboratory investigations into the Relative Diffusional Growth Rate Theory of Thunderstorm Electrification. Atmos. Res. 98 (2010) 327340.

 

Tsenova, B., Mitzeva, R., Saunders, C. Parameterization of thunderstorm charging including the cloud saturation effect. Atmos. Res. 96, 356-365, 2010. (Cancun)

 

Tsenova, B., Mitzeva, R., Saunders, C. Parameterization of thunderstorm charging including the cloud saturation effect. Atmos. Res. 96, 356-365, 2010. (Cancun)

 

Avila, E.E.,  Castellano, N.E., Saunders, C.P.R., Bűrgesser, R.E., Aguirre Varela G.G. Collecciỏn de Gotas de Nube por Parte de Cristales de Hielo, Etapa Inicial del Desarrollo de Granizos.. xiii Congreso Latino Americano  e Iberico de Meteorologia - Climet xiii. x Congreso Argentino de Meteorologia - Congremet x. 5-9 October, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2009.

 

Ávila, E.E., Castellano, N.E., Saunders, C.P.R., Bürgesser, R.E. Aguirre Varela G.G.

Initial stages of the riming process on ice crystals. Geophys Res Lett., 36, L09808, doi:10.1029/2009GL037723, 2009.

 

Tsenova, B., Mitzeva, R., Saunders, C. A modelling study of the effect of ice particle sizes and relative velocity on ice crystal/graupel collisional charge transfer.  Atmos Res 91, 250-258, 2009.

 

Paul H. Kaye, Edwin Hirst, Richard S. Greenaway, Zbigniew Ulanowski, Evelyn Hesse,

Paul J. DeMott, Clive Saunders, and Paul Connolly. Classifying atmospheric ice crystals by spatial light scattering. Optics Letters, 33, 1545-1547, 2008.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. Charge separation mechanisms in clouds. Space Science Reviews, 137, 335-353, 2008   http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-008-9345-0

 

Castellano, N. E, Avila, E. E. and Saunders, C. P. R. Vapour density field of mixed-phase clouds.  Atmos. Res., 88, 56-65, 2008.

 

Smedley, A., Webb, A and Saunders C. Application of a diode array spectroradiometer to measuring the spectral scattering properties of cloud types in a laboratory. Atmos. Chem. and Phys., 22, 5803-5813, 2007.

 

Saunders, C. P. R.  The transient nature of thunderstorm charging theories – a personal view. Guest Editorial.  Indian J. Radio and Space Physics, 36, 83-85, 2007. 

 

Saunders, C and Emersic, C. Thunderstorm Electrification: Asymmetric Charging, Ice Crystal/Graupel Charging and Anomalous Zones. Abstract ICAE Beijing 2007.

 

Tsenova, B., Mitzeva, R., Saunders, C. A modelling study of the impact of ice particle sizes and relative velocity on non-inductive charge transfer. Abstract ICAE Beijing 2007.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Bax-Norman, H., Emersic, C., Avila, E. E., Castellano, N. E. 2006. Laboratory studies of the effect of cloud conditions on graupel/crystal charge transfer in thunderstorm electrification.  Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 132, 2653-2673.

 

Mitzeva, R. P., Saunders, C. P. R., and Tsenova, B. 2006. Parameterisation of non-inductive charging in thunderstorm regions free of cloud droplets. Atmos. Res., 82, 102-111.

 

Emersic, C., Saunders, C. P. R. 2006.  An extension and new interpretations of the Dash theory of the molecular dynamics of vapour growth in the Relative Growth Rate mechanism of thunderstorm charging. EGU General Assembly, Vienna.

 

Mitzeva, R. P., Saunders, C. P. R., and Tsenova, B.  2005. A modelling study of the effect of cloud saturation and particle growth rates on charge transfer in thunderstorm electrification. Atmos. Res. 76, 206-221.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. 2005. Unusual Lightning. Reply to letter in Weather Magazine. 60,  173-174.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Emersic, C. and Mitzeva, R. P. Recent developments in understanding thunderstorm charging.  IAMAS, Beijing, August 2005.

 

Connolly, P. J., Saunders, C.P. R., Gallagher, M. W., Bower, K. N., Flynn, M. J., Choularton, T. W., Whiteway, J., and Lawson, R. P. (2005) Aircraft observations of the influence of electric fields on the aggregation of ice crystals. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 131, 1695-1712.

 

Avila, E. E., Bax-Norman, H., Saunders, C. P. R., and Castellano, N. E. Charge sign reversal in irregular ice particle-graupel collisions. GRL, 32, L01801, doi:10.1029/2004GL020761, 2005.

 

Castellano, N. E., Avila, E. E. and Saunders, C. P. R. (2004) Theoretical model of the Bergeron-Findeisen mechanism of ice crystal growth in clouds. Atmos. Env. 38, 6751-6761.

 

Avila, E. E., Saunders C. P. R., Castellano N., Bax-Norman H. Laboratory study of thunderstorm electrification.  2004. 1st International Conference on Lightning Physics and Effects and International Conference on Grounding and Earthing. Brazil.

 

Castellano, N. E., Avila E. E. and Saunders, C. P. R.  A study of the effect of cloud droplets on the diffusional growth rate of ice particles. Proc Bologna Cloud Physics Conference July 2004 pp743-746

 

Mitzeva, R., Saunders, C. P. R., and Tsenova, B.  Parameterisation of non-inductive charging in thunderstorm regions free of cloud droplets.  Proc Bologna Cloud Physics Conference July 2004 pp1537-1540

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (2004) Thunderstorm Electrification. Fusion , 4, 4-5.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Bax-Norman, H., Avila, E. E. and Castellano, N. E. (2004) A laboratory study of the influence of ice crystal growth conditions on subsequent charge transfer in thunderstorm electrification.  Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 130, 1395-1406.

 

Mitzeva, R. P., Samardjiev, N. and Saunders, C. P. R. (2003) Charge density in the updraughts of thunderstorms: a numerical study in the framework of a Lagrangian model. Atmos. Res., 69, 51-71.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (2003) The effect of cloud conditions on charge transfer in thunderstorm electrification.  Proc. Int. Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Blackpool.

           

Smedley, R. D., Saunders, C. P. R. and Webb, A. R. (2003) Small particle size determination by optical probe oversampling, J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 20, 1568-1575.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Bax-Norman, H. (2003) Laboratory studies of the influence of cloud microphysics on thunderstorm electrification processes. Proc. Int. Union Geod. and

Geophys., Sapporo. 

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Bax-Norman, H. and Avila, E. E. (2003) Laboratory studies of the effect of cloud conditions on charge transfer in thunderstorm electrification. Proc.12th Int. Conf. on Atmos. Elec., Versailles, 111-114.

 

Mitzeva, R. P., Tsenova, B. and Saunders, C. P. R. (2003) A modelling study of the effect of cloud supersaturation on non-inductive charge transfer in thunderstorm electrification. Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Atmos. Elec.,Versailles, 235-238.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Avila, E. E., Castellano, N. E. and Norman, H. (2002) The effect of cloud-properties on the charging of hailstones. Proc. European Conference on Severe Storms, Prague.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (2002) Comment on “Charge transfer between colliding hydrometeors: Role of surface tension gradients” by A. Graciaa, P. Creux, J. Lachaise and R. S. Schecter.  J. Geophys. Res., 107 (D14), 10.1029/2001JD001124, AAC 2-1, 2.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Hosseini, A. S. (2001) A laboratory study of the effect of velocity on Hallett-Mossop ice crystal multiplication. Atmos. Res., 59, 3-14.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Peck, S. L., Aguirre Varela, G. G., Avila, E. E. and Castellano, N. E. (2001) A laboratory study of the influence of water vapour and mixing on the charge transfer process during collisions between ice crystals and graupel. Atmos. Res., 58, 187-203.

 

Field, P. R., Cotton, R. J., Noone, K., Glantz, P., Kaye, P. A., Hirst, E., Greenaway, R. S., Jost, C., Gabriel, R., Reiner, T., Andreae, M., Saunders, C. P. R., Archer, A., Choularton, T. W. Smith, M. H., Brooks, I. M., Hoell, C., Bandy, B., Johnson, D., Heymsfield, A. (2001). Ice nucleation in orographic wave clouds: measurements made during INTACC. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 127, 1493-1512.

 

Miller, K., Gadian, A., Saunders, C. P. R., Latham, J. and Christian, H. (2001) Modelling and observations of thundercloud electrification and lightning. Atmos. Res., 58, 89-115.

 

Avila, E. E., Pereyra, R. G., Castellano, N. E. and Saunders, C. P. R. (2001). Ventilation coefficients for cylindrical collectors growing by riming as a function of the cloud droplet spectra. Atmos. Res., 57, 139-150.

 

Pereyra, R. G., Avila, E. E., Castellano, N. E. and Saunders, C. P. R. (2000). A laboratory study of graupel charging.  J. Geophys. Res., 105,  20803-20813.

 

Mitzeva, R. P., Saunders, C. P. R. and Samardjiev, N. (2000) A modeling study of the early electrical development in two thunderstorms. Proc. Int. Cloud Physics Conf. Reno, Nevada, USA, 1046-1049.

 

Miller, K., Gadian, A., Saunders, C. P. R., Latham, J. and Christian, H. (2000) 2d numerical modelling of thundercloud microphysics, electric charge generation and lightning. Proc. Int. Cloud Physics Conf. Reno, Nevada, USA, 1017-1020.

 

Avila, E. E., Pereyra, R., Castellano, N. E. and Saunders, C. P. R. (2000). Relationship between rime surface temperature and cloud droplet spectra. Proc. Int. Cloud Physics Conf., Reno, Nevada, USA, 760-763.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Hosseini, A. (2000). A laboratory study of the effect of velocity on Hallett-Mossop ice crystal multiplication. Proc. Int. Cloud Physics Conf. Reno, Nevada, USA, 617-620.

 

Figueras-Nieto, D., Cardwell, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (2000). The intercomparison of numerical cloud models with INTACC data. Proc. Int. Cloud Physics Conf. Reno, Nevada, USA, 454-456.

Kolev, S. I. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1999) Some new results from simple modelling of thunderstorm electrification using the inductive mechanism. Bulg. J. Met. and Hyd., 10, 86-93.

 

Castellano, N. E., Avila, E. E. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1999). Dependence of the average temperature on cloud droplet spectra for ice accreted on fixed spherical collectors. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 27,399-27,406.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Rimmer, J. S. (1999) The electric field alignment of ice crystals in thunderstorms. Atmos. Res., 51, 337-343.      

 

Mitzeva R. P., Manchev, A. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1999) Thunderstorm electrification - comparison between different parameterisation schemes of noninductive charging.  Proc. IUGG Conf., Birmingham, UK.

             

Saunders, C. P. R. (1999) Studies of thunderstorm electrification processes. Proc. Int. Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Toulouse. SAE Technical Paper Series 1999-01-2346.

 

Mitzeva R. P., Kassabova, T. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1999) Effect of droplet size on graupel surface properties in connection with non-inductive charge transfer.  Proc. Int. Conf. on Atmos. Electricity, Huntsville, USA, 324-327.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Avila, E. E., Peck, S. L., Castellano, N. E. and Aguirre Varela, G. G.  (1999) Vapor and heat supply to riming graupel: effect on charging.  Proc. Int. Conf. on Atmos. Electricity, Huntsville, USA, 268-271.  

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Avila, E. E., Peck, S. L., Castellano, N. E. and Aguirre Varela, G. G.  (1999)  A laboratory study of the effects of rime ice accretion and heating on charge transfer during ice crystal/graupel collisions.  Atmos. Res., 51, 99-117.

 

Spice, A., Johnson, D. W., Brown, P. R., Darlison, A. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1999) Primary ice nucleation in orographic cirrus clouds: a numerical simulation of the microphysics. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 125, 1637-1667.

 

Avila, E. E., Castellano, N. E. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1999) Effects of cloud droplet spectra on the average surface temperature of ice accreted on fixed cylindrical collectors. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 125, 1059-1074.

 

Rimmer, J. S. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1998) Extinction measurements and single scattering albedo in the 0.5 to 1.05 µm range for a laboratory cloud of hexagonal ice crystals.  Atmos. Res., 49, 177-188.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Peck, S. L. (1998) Laboratory studies of the influence of the rime accretion rate on charge transfer during crystal/graupel collisions. J. Geophys. Res., 103,

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Rimmer, J. Jonas, P., Arathoon J. and Liu C. (1998). Preliminary laboratory studies of the 13949-13956. optical scattering properties of ice crystal clouds. Annales Geophysicae, 16, 618-16,627

 

Avila, E. E., Caranti, G., Castellano, N. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1998). Laboratory studies of the influence of cloud droplet size on charge transfer during crystal/graupel collisions. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 8985-8996,

 

Rimmer, J. S. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1997) Radiative scattering by artificially produced clouds of hexagonal plate ice crystals. Atmos. Res. 45, 153-164.

Brooks, I. M., Saunders, C. P. R. Mitzeva, R. P. and Peck, S. L. (1997) The effect on thunderstorm charging of the rate of rime accretion by graupel. Atmos. Res., 43, 277-295

           

Saunders, C. P. R. (1997) Comment on Williams "Microphysical growth state of ice particles and large-scale electrical structure of clouds".  J. Geophys. Res., 101, 29599-29600.

 

Liu, C., Jonas, P. R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1996) Pyramidal ice crystal scattering phase functions and concentric halos. Annales Geophysicae, 14, 1192-1197.

 

Spice, A., Johnson, D. W. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1996) The nucleation of ice particles in orographic cirrus: a numerical simulation of the microphysics. Proc. 14th. Int. Conf. Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, Helsinki, 26-30 August 1996.  In Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 1996, Pergamon Press, Oxford, ed. M. Kulmala and P. E. Wagner, 852-855.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Rimmer, J. and Arathoon, J. R. (1996) Laboratory studies of the scattering of radiation by ice crystals.  Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Clouds and Precipitation, Zurich, Switz. 220-223. 

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Peck, S. L. (1996) Laboratory Studies of Thunderstorm Electrification. Proc. Int. Atmos. Elec. Conf., Osaka, Japan. 14-17.

 

Liu, C., Jonas, P. R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1996) Accuracy of the anomalous diffraction approximation to light scattering by Column-like Ice Crystals. Atmos. Res. 41, 63-69.

 

Jayaratne, E. R., Peck, S. L. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1996) Comment on "A laboratory study of static charging by fracture in ice growing by riming" by Avila, and Caranti. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 9533-9535.

           

Liu, C., Jonas, P. R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1995) Phase Function Calculations of Single Hexagonal Bullet-like Ice Crystals. Ann. Geophysicae, 13, 1348-1354.

 

Brooks, I. M. and Saunders C. P. R. (1995) Thunderstorm Charging: Laboratory Experiments Clarified. Atmos. Res., 39, 263-273.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1995) Forked Frolics. The Last Word. New Scientist, 148, 81.

 

Bell, D. A. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1995) An Experimental Study of Aerosol Scavenging by Hexagonal Plate Ice Crystals. Atmos. Res. 38, 9-19.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Peck, S. L. (1995) Thunderstorm Charging from Laboratory Studies. Proc. IUGG Conf., Boulder, Co.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1995) Radiative properties of Ice Crystal Clouds. Proc. IUGG Conf, Boulder, Co.

 

Spice A., Johnson, D. W. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1995) Nucleation Processes in Orographic Cirrus Clouds: Observations and Modelling. Proc. IUGG Conf., Boulder, Co.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1995) Getting the Drift. The Last Word. New Scientist, 141, 93.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1995) Reply to comment by Telford on "A Review of Thunderstorm Electrification Processes". J. Appl. Met., 34, 1475.

           

Saunders, C. P. R. (1995) Thunderstorm Electrification. Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics, CRC Press, Vol 1, Chapter 3, 361-392.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1995) Reply to comment by Williams on "Thunderstorm electrification laboratory experiments and charging mechanisms" J. Geophys. Res., 100, 1507-1510.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1994) Report on a Laboratory Study of the Charging of Ice in Thunderstorms for the US Air Force.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1994) Readers' Forum.  Sheet Lightning.  Weather, 49, 357.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1994) Reply to comment by Vonnegut on "A Review of Thunderstorm Electrification             Processes".  J. Appl. Met., 33, 1377.

 

Arathoon, J. R.,  Liu, C., Jonas, P. R, and Saunders, C. P. R. (1994) Relating the physical and radiative properties of laboratory ice crystals. Eucrex Workshop, Lille, Sept 1994.

 

Arathoon, J. R.,  Liu, C., Jonas, P. R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1994) Studies on the light scattering properties of laboratory generated ice clouds. European Conference on the Global Energy and Water Cycle. At The Roy Soc July 1994.

           

Arathoon, J. R.,  Liu, C. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1994) Relations between the physical and radiative properties of ice crystals. Proc. European Geophys. Soc. XIX General Assembly Grenoble, Annales Geophysicae, Part II, Supplement to Vol. 12, C379.

           

Brooks, I. M. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1994) An experimental investigation of the inductive mechanism of thunderstorm electrification. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 10,627-10,632.   

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1994) Thunderstorm electrification experiments and charging mechanisms. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10,773-10,779.           

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1994) Scientific Statement on Lightning. Weather, 49, 27-33.

 

Hallett, J., Hendricks, W., Black, R. A., Saunders, C. P. R. and Brooks, I. M. (1993) Aircraft observations of precipitation development and hydrometeor charge in Florida cumuli. Proc. Am. Met. Soc. Conf. on Atmos. Elec., St. Louis ,785-790.

 

Black, R. A., Hallett, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1993) Aircraft studies of precipitation and electrification in hurricanes. Proc. Am. Met. Soc. Conf. on Atmos. Elec., St. Louis, J20-J25.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Brooks, I. M. (1993) Laboratory measurements of thunderstorm charging processes. Proc. Am. Met. Soc. on Atmos. Elec. St. Louis, 845-846.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1993) Reply to comments on "The effect of liquid water on thunderstorm charging".  J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10823-10825.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Hickson, M., Malone, M. D. and Richtofen, J. von (1993) Charge separation during the fragmentation of rime and frost.  Atmos. Res., 29, 261-270.

           

Saunders, C. P. R. (1993) A Review of thunderstorm electrification processes.  J. App. Met. 32, 642-655.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1993) Readers' Forum. Answer. Weather, 48, 92.

           

Saunders, C. P. R. (1992) A review of "The Potential Effects of Release of Krypton-85". HM Inspectors of  Pollution. 9 pages.

 

Black, R., Brooks I. M., Saunders, C. P. R., Dong, Y. Y. and Hallett, J. (1992) Cloud and Electrical Characteristics of Initial and Developed Convective clouds in Florida: Evidence for Charge Separation Processes. Am. Geophys. Union Fall Meeting.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Brooks, I. M. (1992) The effects of high liquid water content on thunderstorm charging.  J. Geophys. Res., 97, 14,671-14,676.

 

Brooks, I. M. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1992) Experimental investigation of the inductive mechanism. Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Atmos. Elec. St. Petersburg 92-95.

           

Mitzeva, R. P. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1992) Location of net negative charge in thunderstorms - numerical study based on laboratory measurements. Proc. 9th Int. Conf. on Atmos. Elec. St. Petersburg, 127-130.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1992) Thunderstorm Electrification Experiments. Proc. 9th Int. on Atmos. Elec. St. Petersburg, 86-91.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1991) Parameterised values of thunderstorm charging by particle collisions. Proc. IUGG Assembly, Vienna.

   

Saunders, C. P. R. (1991) Report on Large Ice Crystal Charge transfer studies for the US Air Force.

 

Lowell, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1991) Charge generation in Thunderstorms.  Proc. Inst. of Phys. Electrostatics 91, Oxford, 211-216.

 

Saunders, C. P. R.,  Keith, W. D. and Mitzeva, M. (1991) The Effect of Liquid Water on Thunderstorm Charging. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 11,007-11,017.

 

Rahman, M. K. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1991) Corona from Bursting Bubbles. J. Atmos. Res., 26, 329-338.

 

Bell, D. A. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1991) The scavenging of high altitude aerosol by small ice crystals. Atmos. Env. 25A, 801-808.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1991) Electrostatics and Thunderstorms: Serendipitous notes in Physics. Phys. Ed. and Tech. Sci., IoP., 3

 

Jayaratne, E. R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1991) Thunderstorm Electrification: Charges on vapour grown ice crystals. Atmos. Res., 26, 159-163.

 

Mitzeva, R. P. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1990) Thunderstorm charging: Calculations of the effect of ice crystal size and graupel     velocity. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 52, 241-245.

 

Keith, W. D. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1990) Charging of aircraft: high velocity collisions. J. Aircraft, 27, 218-222.

 

Keith, W. D. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1990) Further laboratory studies of the charging of graupel during ice crystal interactions. Atmos. Res., 25, 445-464.

 

Alena, T., Hallett, J. and Saunders C. P. R. (1990) On the facet-skeletal transition of snow crystals: Experiments in high and low gravity. J. Crystal Growth, 104, 539-555.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1989) Review of "Instruments and Techniques for Thunderstorm Observation and Analysis" by Kessler. Weather, 44, 491.

    

Keith, W. D. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1989) The charging of aircraft by cloud particle collisions. Proc. Int. Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Bath, UK, 1.1-1.4.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1989) Reply: Thunderstorm electrification mechanisms, Weather 44, 391-392.

 

Hallett, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1989) A particle charge measurement and analysis system. (1989) Proc. Am. Geophys. Union Conf., San Francisco.

 

Bell, D. A. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1989) The scavenging of aerosol particles by falling ice crystals.  Proc WMO Cloud Physics and Weather Modification Research Programme

WMP Rept 12, Beijing, China, May, 647-650.

 

Keith, W. D. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1989) Charge transfer during multiple large ice crystal interactions with a riming target. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13103-13106.

           

Kumar, P. P. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1989) Charge transfer during single crystal interaction with a rimed target.  J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13 099-13 102.

 

Keith, W. D. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1989) The effect of centrifugal acceleration on the charging of a riming hailstone.  J. Met. Atmos. Phys., 41, 55-61.

 

Keith, W. D. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1989) The collection efficiency of a cylindrical target for ice crystals.  Atmos. Res., 23, 83-95.

 

Rahman, M. K. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1989) Effects of surface waves on corona from splashing water drops. Annales Geophysicae, 7, 47-52.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1988) Thunderstorm electrification. Weather Magazine, 43, No.9, 318

324.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and S. A1-Juboory (1988) A dynamic processing chamber for ice nuclei filter samples. Atmospheric Aerosols and Nucleation, Springer-Verlag, 697-700.

 

Keith, W. D. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1988) The collection efficiencies of soft-hailstones for supercooled water droplets and ice crystals. Proc. Cloud Physics Conf., Bad Homburg, 220-222.

 

Kumar, P. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1988) Charge transfer during single crystal interaction with a rimed target.  Ibid, 291-296.

 

Keith, W. D. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1988) Charge transfer during multiple large ice

crystal interactions with a riming target. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Atmos. Elec., Univ. Uppsala, 282-287.

 

Keith, W. D. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1988) The collection efficiency of a rime covered target for water droplets.  Atmos. Res., 22, 105-123.

 

Keith, W. D. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1988) Light emission from colliding ice particles.  Nature, 336, 362-364.   

 

Rahman, M. K. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1988) Corona from splashing water drops. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys, 50, 545.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Pitter, R., Gardiner, B. and Hallett, J. (1988) An airborne precipitation cloud particle charge measurement device and analysis system. J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 5, 149-153.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1987) On the role of convective motion during dendrite growth: Experiments under variable  gravity.  Final Report NASA Contract NAS8-34605.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1987) Ice particle charge transfer studies.  Report for the US Air Force.

 

Baker, B., Baker, M. B., Jayaratne, E. R.,  Latham, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1987) The influence of diffusional growth rates on the charge transfer accompanying rebounding collisions between ice crystals and soft hailstones. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 113, 1193-

1215.

 

Atmospheric research at the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology. (1987) Met. Mag., 116, 317-325.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Zhang, C. C. (1987) Rime density, radial forces and atmospheric electricity. Atmos. Res., 21, 101-111.

 

Jayaratne, E. R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1987) Reply to comments on "Thunderstorm electrification: The effect of cloud droplets". J. Geophys. Res. 92.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Jayaratne, E. R. (1986) Thunderstorm charge transfer values. Ibid 260-263.

 

Baker, B., Baker, M. B.,  Jayaratne, E. R. Latham, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1986) Electric field development in thunderclouds. Ibid 256-259.

 

Gardiner, B., Lamb, D., Hallett, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1986) Charge separation in Montana thunderstorms.  Proc. AMS. Conf. Cloud Physics, Snowmass Colorado, 249-

252.

 

Jayaratne, E. R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1986) Reply to comments on "The 'rain gush', lightning, and the lower positive charge center in thunderstorms". J. Geophys. Res., 91, 10,950.

 

Keith, W. D., Mill, C. S., Saunders, C. P. R. (1986) A hot-wire instrument to measure liquid water content for use in the laboratory. J. Phys. E. Sci. Instrum., 19, 436-438.

 

Dye, J. E., Jones, J. J., Winn, W. P., Cerni, T. A., Gardiner, B., Lamb, D.,  Pitter, R. L., Hallett, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1986) Early electrification and precipitation development in a small, isolated Montana Cumulonimbus. J. Geophys. Res., 91, 1231-

1247.

 

Al-Naimi, R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1985) Ice nucleus measurements: effect of site location and weather. Tellus, 37B, 296-303.

 

Jayaratne, E. R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1985). Thunderstorm electrification: The effect of cloud droplets J. Geophys. Res., 90, 13063-13066.

 

Al-Naimi, R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1985) Measurements of natural deposition and condensation-freezing ice nuclei with a continuous flow chamber. Atmospheric Environment, 19, 1871-1882.

 

Gardiner, B., Hallett, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1985) Field observations of aircraft charging in convective clouds. Static Electricity and Lightning Conference, ICOLSE, France.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Jayaratne, E. R. (1985) Electric charge transfer during riming. Lightning and Static Electricity Conference, ICOLSE, France.

 

Gardiner, B., Lamb, D., Pitter, R. and Hallett, J. (1985) Measurements of initial potential gradient and particle charges in a Montana Summer Thunderstorm. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6079-86.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Wheeler, M. F. S., Jallo, N. and Jayaratne, E. R. (1985) Ice crystal interactions with a riming target: charge transfer and collection efficiencies. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6047-6050.

 

Hallett, J., Gardiner, B.,  Lamb, D., Pitter, R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1984) Natural variability of particle charge in Montana Summer Cumuli. AGU Fall Meeting.

 

Jayaratne, E. R. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1984) The "Rain Gush", Lightning, and the lower positive charge center in thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 11816-11818.

 

Al-Naimi, R. (1984) Ice nucleus measurements.  11th Int. Conf. Atmos. Aerosols, Condensation & Ice Nuclei, Budapest.

 

Vali, G., Cupal, J., Saunders, C. P. R. and Winn, W. P. (1984) Airborne measurements of the electrical charges of hydrometeors.  Proc. Int. Cloud Phys. Conf., Tallinn, Estonia.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Jallo, N (1984) The collection efficiencies of soft-hail pellets for ice crystals. Proc. Int. Cloud Phys. Conf., Tallinn, Estonia.

    

Gardiner, B., Lamb, D., Pitter, R., Hallett, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1984) Measurements of initial electric field and ice particle charges in Montana Summer Thunderstorms.  Int. Conf. Atmos. Elec., Albany.

     

Saunders, C. P. R., Wheeler, M. F. S., Jallo, N, Jayaratne E. R. (1984) Ice crystal interactions with a riming target: charge transfer and collection efficiencies. Int. Conf. Atmos. Elec., Albany.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Hussain K. (1984) Ice nucleus measurement with a continuous flow chamber. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 110, 75-84.

 

Christian, H., Pitter, R. Hallett, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1983) Measurement of ice particle charges in Montana summer thunderstorms. ibid.

 

Gardiner, B, Lamb, D, Hallett, J., Saunders, C. P. R and Jayaratne, E. R. (1983) Electrification of summer cumuli in Montana. Abstract, AGU Fall 1983.

           

Jayaratne, E. R., Saunders, C. P. R. and Hallett, J. (1983) Laboratory studies of the charging of soft-hail during ice crystal interactions. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 109, 609-

630.

           

Christian, H., Lillie, L., Saunders, C. P. R. and Hallett, J. (1983) Laboratory and field observations related to ice particle and aircraft charging in convective storms. Int. Conf. Lightning and Static Elect., Fort Worth, Texas.

 

Jayaratne, E. R., and Saunders, C. P. R.  (1983) Charge on ice crystals in laboratory clouds. J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5494-5496.

 

Jayaratne, E. R., Saunders, C. P. R. and Hallett, J. (1983) Electrification during riming and ice crystal collisions. Proceedings in Atmospheric Electricity, ed. L Ruhnke, J Latham. Deepak Pub, 207-212.

 

Hallett, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1982) Observations of ice particle charge in convective clouds in Florida and Montana. Proc. AMS Cloud Phys. Conf., Chicago, 566-567.

 

Cooper, W. A. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1980) Winter Storms over the San Juan mountains, Part II: Micro-physical Processes. J. Appl. Met., 19, 927-941.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1980) Ice nucleus concentrations. Proc VIII Int. Conf. Cloud Physics, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

 

Hallett, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1979) Secondary ice crystal production and charge separation in convective clouds. Am. Met. Soc. Severe Storms Con.f, Kansas City, 486

487.

 

Hallett, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1979) Charge separation associated with secondary ice crystal production, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2230-2235.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1979) Laboratory measurements of charge separation associated with secondary ice crystal production. Inst. Phys Conf., Ser. 48, 305-308.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1979) The SPAR 76-19 Experiment: Charged water drop oscillations. Proc 17th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. 

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1978) A review of cloud electrification studies within the National Hail Research Experiment. NCAR Report.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1978) Electrification experiments on Elk Mountain. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 5050-5056.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1978) Reply to comment by Vonnegut on effect on inclination of the electric field on the inductive charging mechanism in thunderclouds. J. Atmos. Sc.i, 35, 2040.

 

Vali, G., Rogers, D., Gordon, G., Reishel, M., Black, R., C. P. R. Saunders (1978) Aerosol and nucleation research in support of NASA cloud physics experiments in space. Final Rept. NASA Contract NAS8-32067.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1978) Comment on effect of the inclination of the electric field on the inductive charging mechanism in thunderclouds by Kamra. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 165.

 

Marshall, B. J. P., Latham, J. and Saunders, C. P. R.  (1978) A laboratory study of charge transfer accompanying the collision of ice crystals with a simulated hailstone. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 104, 163-178.

 

Gay, M. J., Griffiths, R. F., Latham, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1977) The velocities of charged hydrometeors and the production of high fields in thunderstorms. ibid 379-383.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1977) The interactions of freely-falling ice crystals. Electrical Processes in Atmospheres. Dolezalek and Reiter (eds), 309-313.

 

Marwitz, J. D., Cooper, W. A. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1976) Final report on microphysical and meteorological studies in the San Juans. Bureau of Reclamation, Contract No. 14-6801.

 

Cooper, W. A. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1976) Microphysical observations in San Juan storms. ibid, 93-98.

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Gay, M. J., and Al-Said, S. (1976) Water drop separation probabilities. Proc. Cloud Phys. Conf, Boulder, Colorado, 215-218.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Al-Said S. (1976) Electric charge transfer between colliding water drops. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 2650-2654.

 

Cooper, W. A and Saunders, C. P. R. (1976) Microphysical observations in San Juan storms. Proc. Special Regional Weather Mod. Conf,. San Francisco, Calif.

 

Saunders C. P. R. and Wahab, N. (1975) The influence of electric fields on the aggregation of ice crystals. J. Met. Soc. Japan, 53, 121-126.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1974) Water drop interactions. Proc. Int. Coll., Drops & Bubbles, Caltech, 487-505.

 

Gay, M. J., Griffiths, R. F., Latham, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1974) The terminal velocities of charged raindrops and cloud droplets falling in strong electric fields. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 100, 682-687.

     

Saunders, C. P. R. and Wong, S. (1974) Vibrational frequencies of freely falling charged water drops. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 36, 707-711.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1973) On the aggregation and fragmentation of freely-falling ice crystals in an electric field. ibid, 490-493.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. and Crowther, A. G. (1973) Ice crystal growth in electric fields. J. Met. Soc. Japan, 51, 318-324.

           

Saunders, C. P. R. and Wahab, N. (1973) The replication of ice crystals. J Appl. Met., 12, 1035-1039.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1972) Electric charge removal from the surface of evaporating ice. Phys and Chem. Ice Conf. Ottawa p26.1-26.3.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1971) Interactions of the ice phase and electric field within clouds.  Zeits. Fur Glet. and Glac., 7, 133-139.

 

Latham, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1971) Measurements of the electrical conductivity of clouds. Report on XI Yellowstone Expedition, 69-71.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1971) Electrical charging due to evaporation of ice. Proc XV Ass IUGG, Moscow.

 

Brazier-Smith, P. R., Brook, M., Latham, Saunders C. P. R. and Smith, M. H. (1971) The vibration of electrified water drops. Proc. Roy. Soc., A322, 523-534.          

 

Saunders, C. P. R., Smith, M. H., and Latham, J. (1970) Continuous charged cloud particle sampler. Proc. Precip. Scavenging Conf., Richland,Washington, 205-212.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1970) Yellowstone Park: A natural laboratory. Weather 2, 69-74.

 

Latham, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1970) The electrostatic forces on charged ice crystals separated by small distances in an electric field. ibid, 266-272.

 

Latham, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1970) Experimental measurements of the collection efficiencies of ice crystals in electric fields. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 96, 257-265.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1968) The influence of cloud electrification on ice crystal aggregation. Proc. Int. Conf. Cloud Physics, Toronto, 619-623.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1968) Electrostatic forces between ice crystals situated in electric fields. Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Atmos. Elec., Tokyo, 151-159.

 

Saunders, C. P. R. (1967) The effect of electric fields on the aggregation of ice crystals. Proc. XIV Ass. IAMAP, Lucerne, 226.

 

Latham, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1967) The adhesion of ice spheres in electric fields. J Glaciology, 6, 505-514.

 

Latham, J. and Saunders, C. P. R. (1964) Aggregation of ice crystals in strong electric fields. Nature, 204, 1293-1294.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Specific research interests

Thunderstorm Electrification